This post contains both controversy and potentially icky medical details. Don't say you weren't warned.
(EDITED TO ADD: If you tried to comment earlier and couldn't, I do apologise; I had no idea the comments weren't working until my mother told me yesterday. THEY SHOULD NOW BE FIXED, so please do try again if there's anything you wanted to say. As long as it's polite.)
The final year timetable at my medical school included a one-week
refresher course in obstetrics and gynaecology. On my first day there,
a woman was admitted for a late abortion. Well into the pregnancy,
prenatal scanning had come up with a rare and tragic diagnosis - fetal
anencephaly.
Anencephaly
is a terrible congenital disorder where the cerebrum - the part of the
brain responsible for thought, emotion, consciousness, everything above
the most basic and rudimentary brainstem functions - simply does not
develop. The majority of affected fetuses die before birth; survival
beyond a few days is rare, and the disability in those who do survive
is profound and total. Rather than carry a doomed pregnancy to term
only to deliver a dead or dying baby, this woman had been admitted for
abortion.
Although this next paragraph is a diversion from what this post is
actually going to be about, there's a point I'd like to make up front
here, because it is so often missed in this sort of discussion. There
is a very understandable tendency to react to this sort of situation by
saying that of course a woman in this situation should have the option of aborting. Of course
she should abort. And, in our rush to say these things, we can miss
the subtle and absolutely crucial distinction between those two
statements. It is all too easy to take it for granted that abortion is
the appropriate decision in this situation. And, of course, for many
women it is; there is no doubt in my mind that parents faced with this
tragedy should have the option of ending the pregnancy there and then
if they feel that would be less difficult to deal with than what is,
after all, only prolonging the inevitable. But one thing I have come
to understand is that this should be an option and not an assumption,
on anyone's part, and that we must never forget that, as
counter-intuitive as it may at first seem, a woman may actually want to
continue the pregnancy.
When the only time you will have with your child is those few months
before birth, you may find that more, not less, of a reason for
savouring every minute of those that you can.
I hope this woman's choice was the right one for her and not one
that she had been pressured into; I have learned not to take it for
granted that this was the case. I do know that whichever choice a
woman might make about such a horrible situation, I'd back her all the
way. And I believe that whether or not she wishes to take the option
up, abortion should be available. Which, theoretically at least, it
was. The practicalities proved more difficult.
I forget the exact gestation, but it would have been the second half
of pregnancy, after the routine scans, and abortion at this stage is a
lot more technically difficult than in the first trimester. This woman
faced the prospect of going through labour. Difficult enough to get
through when you have the hope and joy of a live baby at the end of it
to sustain you; heartbreaking in this circumstance. What was more, the
labour would have to be induced with prostaglandin pessaries.
Prostaglandin can be tricky stuff. It can have unpleasant side-effects
- vomiting, diarrhoea. It can bring on precipitate labour, with
horribly violent contractions.
Or, at the other extreme, it can fail to work at all.
When I left the wards on Friday, at the end of the week's
attachment, the woman was still there. Still not in labour despite
repeated prostaglandin insertions. A five-day abortion that wasn't
even over yet - not even started. The gynaecologist sent her home to
rest over the weekend and try again the following week. As we walked
away from the bedside, one of us asked what the options were for her if
the pessaries still failed to trigger labour. "Hysterotomy," he
replied.
Hysterotomy is a particularly risky type of Caesarean section, done
only when section has to be done several months before term. Caesarean
section is normally done through the lower part of the uterus - I am
unsure of the precise technicalities involved, but, as I understand it,
this is the part that heals best. However, because the lower part of
the uterus is the last part to start stretching out as the pregnant
uterus expands, prior to a certain gestation there just isn't enough
lower part of the uterus there to cut into - it's all still scrunched
down on itself in the bottom of the pelvis like a balloon not yet
inflated. So the only way in is a longitudinal cut through the main
part of the uterus. Any Caesarean is major abdominal surgery with the
prospect of a prolonged recovery and possible complications (something
we tend to forget in this day and age as they get more common), but a
hysterotomy is particularly likely to cause problems. Hysterotomy
means a woman is going to be less likely to be able to conceive again,
more likely to develop pregnancy complications, and practically
guaranteed to need Caesarean section for any subsequent birth. If that
woman didn't go into labour and didn't change her mind about not
wanting to continue this pregnancy, that was the only option left open
to her.
So what happened? I have no idea. That was the end of my
attachment. I've never known what happened to that woman. I wouldn't
know her if she walked into my surgery now. But I've never forgotten
that horrible, horrible range of options.
If that happened today, that woman would have one more option open to her. Intact dilatation and extraction.
The problem with later abortions (the technical problem, that is,
before anyone accuses me of trying to dismiss the ethical problems) is
that it is only possible to dilate a woman's cervix so far without her
going through labour, and a fetus of the sort of size we're talking
about here just won't fit through a cervix that's only part way
dilated. Up to a certain point, it is possible to cut the fetus into
several pieces and get it out that way, but, by the time the pregnancy
reaches around 20 weeks, this is just getting too difficult to do
because of the size of the fetus. (It's also a pretty unpleasant
method for a woman aborting a wanted pregnancy for health reasons,
because this means she loses the chance of the one sight she could have
had of her baby). Hence, for this woman, the only abortion methods
available to her at that stage of pregnancy were induced labour or
having her uterus sliced open.
However, some years ago, a gynaecologist by the name of Martin
Haskell came up with another alternative. It is possible, just about,
to dilate a woman's cervix far enough by instrumental means to get the body
of a 20-week-plus fetus out through it. The problem is with getting the
largest part - the head - out. And, hence, Haskell worked out the method known as intact dilatation and extraction, or
IDE. The gynaecologist dilates the cervix as far as surgically possible,
turns the fetus around so that the body can be pulled out feet first
as far as the neck, and makes an incision in the back of the head in
order to remove the brain and collapse the skull. At this point in
development the skull bones are soft, not fused, and can slide over
each other - it's possible to compress the skull enough to remove it
through the partially dilated cervix while still leaving it in a state
that can be restored afterwards so that if a woman wants the chance to
hold her child and say goodbye, the body is in a fit state for her to
do so.
This procedure is technically difficult, and, needless to say, has risks. However, so do other late abortion methods, and there is evidence that IDE is the least risky of the available procedures at this stage of pregnancy. This may be particularly true in some
specific circumstances - Cecily, for example, developed such
devastating pre-eclampsia in her first pregnancy that it was not safe for her either to
continue the pregnancy or
to go through labour or hysterotomy. Women
like Cecily, women like the one I saw on my gynaecology attachment,
women who may need an abortion in the later stages of pregnancy for
whatever reason and who might not want or be able to go through labour,
now have IDE available as an alternative.
Except in the USA. Because, on April 18th,
the Supreme Court outlawed this particular method of performing
abortions.
And I do mean precisely that. As the above link actually specifies, other methods of performing abortions at this stage
of pregnancy are still available. If you're against abortion, or
against late abortions, or believe that the grounds on which abortions
are currently available should be limited, then I don't agree with you,
but I can still understand and sympathise with your viewpoint. But
this judgement is not about any of those things. It is not about
saving the lives of fetuses regardless of the cost to women, because it
will not save the lives of any fetuses. It will not prevent a single
abortion (well, after reading Cecily's story, I have to amend that to
say that I suppose it'll prevent abortions in those rare, tragic cases
where a woman's condition is so serious that she'll die
before
she can get an abortion by another method). Under this law, abortions
after 20 weeks can still be done, if the fetus is not yet viable or if
severe disability is discovered post-viability. What this law prevents
- all that it prevents - is the use of this particular method to perform those abortions.
Which does, of course, raise the question of why in hell this
particular detail was thought to be any of the Supreme Court's business.
Several years back, I used to read and post to an Internet abortion
debate group. After about a year of all the same arguments going round
and round with nobody actually caring that much what anybody else had
to say because they'd already made up their mind and were too busy
trying to yell their viewpoint even louder in the mistaken belief that
this would convince anybody, I finally got fed up and left, but not
before I had seen this particular topic, like every other
abortion-related topic, come up a lot. I read dozens of
pro-life essays and opinions on why this technique was so awful and why
it should supposedly be banned. All of which has left me firmly
convinced of one thing: The war on this particular type of abortion is
a matter of propaganda. It is about trying to shore up the Five
Minutes Before Birth myth.
The Five Minutes Before Birth myth is a staple of pro-life
arguments. A classic example of the slippery slope genre, it runs
something like this: There is no difference between a child Five
Minutes Before Birth and a child Five Minutes After Birth. Therefore,
if abortion is legal, the logical and inevitable next step will be the
legalisation of infanticide for any mother who decides on a whim (you
know, as women do) that her child is an inconvenience. And since we
clearly don't want that to happen, we have to guard against it by making abortion illegal. QED.
As a teenager encountering the abortion debate, I believed all this
passionately - clearly abortion had to be banned, since that was the
only way to hold back the encroaching tide of people wanting to move
the time limits later and later until it became legal to kill off
anyone of any age group purely because their existence didn't suit
somebody else! Until, of course, the one teensy flaw in this logic
struck me - no such encroaching tide actually appeared to exist.
Nobody was calling for abortion to be performed Five Minutes Before
Birth or for wholesale infanticide Five Minutes After. In fact,
although abortion had by then been legal in the UK for twenty years,
the time limits hadn't budged. Maybe the collective psyche of society
actually drew a much clearer distinction between abortion and
infanticide than the pro-lifers wanted to make out?
The Five Minutes Before Birth myth was trotted out regularly on the
aforementioned debate group, and just as regularly shot down by
pro-choicers calling for any examples of any cases, ever, where any
woman actually had foregone the opportunity to get an earlier abortion
in order to go through the whole of an unwanted pregnancy and
practically all of labour and then change her mind in the final few
contractions. The only 'example' anyone ever managed to come up with in response was that of
a case where a woman whose fetus was found to have fatal defects was
induced at eight months and a Do Not Resuscitate order placed on the
baby once born. As the late Molly Ivins so beautifully put it, no
woman seven months pregnant ever waddled past an abortion clinic and
said "Oh, darn! I knew there was something I'd been meaning to get
around to!"
And then, along came IDE. And pro-life propagandists seized upon
the opportunity to breathe new life into the Five Minutes Before Birth
myth. Stretch the definition of 'birth' some way past what's commonly
understood by the term in order to rename IDE 'partial birth abortion';
spin a bunch of misleading propaganda around it; and, behold - you can
make it look as though the scare stories were all true and women are
having abortions Five Minutes Before Birth after all!
I don't mean to imply that the majority
of pro-lifers are manipulating the facts that cynically. I think that
while some of the people writing this propaganda must know exactly what
they're talking about, they are the very small minority. Most of the
people who are against IDE have simply fallen for the spin. They
genuinely believe that it has something to do with full-term abortion.
On reading the Supreme Court's definition of IDE as a procedure in
which a doctor 'deliberately and intentionally
vaginally delivers a living fetus until, in the case of a headfirst
presentation, the entire fetal head is outside the body of the
mother, or, in the case of a breech presentation, any part of the
fetal trunk past the navel is outside the body of the mother, for the
purpose of performing an overt act (usually the puncturing of the
back of the child's skull and removing the baby's brains) that the
person knows will kill the partially delivered living fetus', I can
imagine exactly what I'd have been thinking if I knew nothing about the
procedure - if a doctor's already delivered the fetus part way, why on
earth not just deliver it the rest of the way instead of killing it?
And I'd be easy prey for pro-lifers who wanted to convince me that it
was all a loophole to allow the killing of viable fetuses during birth,
a loophole that desperately needed closing.
But if the Supreme Court justices did
some research into what they were talking about before passing
judgement, then they must have known that this wasn't so. They must
have known that it isn't any sort of 'loophole', but a simple result of
the mechanics of the procedure - the head is bigger than the body, and
so just because a fetus has been partly delivered by this method does not
mean that all you have to do to deliver it the rest of the way is pull
a little further. A head of this size will not come out through a
partly dilated cervix without being collapsed first, and a woman's
cervix will not dilate fully without labour.
They must have known that although
labour induction and hysterotomy might be perfectly viable alternatives
on paper, the extra risks, problems, and potential unpleasantness
associated with them mean that they aren't simply an oh-well-just-do-things-this-way-instead substitute.
They
must have known that IDE has nothing to do with "full-term
abortion" or "abortion up to birth" - not just because of the absence
of women actually wanting to go through an entire pregnancy only to
request an abortion at the very end, but because it is not physically possible
to use this method that late in pregnancy. You can't get a full-term
fetus out through a partly dilated cervix like that - it's just too big.
They must have known that just because a
fetus is capable of surviving for a minute while it's pulled out of the
womb does not mean it's viable in any meaningful sense of the term.
They must have known that the choice in a late second-trimester
abortion, or in an abortion where the fetus has been found to have the
kind of birth defect I described above, isn't between killing a baby
and inconveniencing a mother. It's between giving a non-viable fetus a
possible few minutes of gasping for breath outside the womb and sparing
a mother a procedure likely to be worse and riskier for her than the
alternative.
They must have known, for
that matter, that their description of an abortion method in which the
fetal head is delivered first only for the doctor to puncture
the skull refers to no abortion procedure known, and doesn't exist
outside the more hopelessly lurid and inaccurate forms of pro-life propaganda.
(For crying out loud, where did they get this stuff?)
So - did they not know these things?
Did they really not bother to do the research, hear from the other
side, find out the answers to the natural questions before passing this
law? Because that's the only way they could possibly not have known.
Or did they know and not care? After all, this new law only affects
women. Worse than that, it only affects That Sort Of Woman - you know,
the sort who wants a late abortion. And, gee, who cares about them, the unnatural unmaternal bitches.
I know that if anyone actually finds and
reads this post, the chances are high that somebody will use the
comments section to tell me all the reasons why I should be against
abortion. And I repeat one more time, in case anybody missed it
before: This is not about being for or against abortion. It is not
about saving fetuses, because it won't save any fetuses. It is not
about preventing abortions up to birth, because they weren't happening
anyway. It is not about preventing abortions after 20 weeks, because
they are going to continue to happen anyway. It is about stupid,
petty, pathetic political point-scoring, carried all the way to the
highest level, regardless of the cost for women. And for some women,
that cost is going to be very high indeed.